'Face' is defined as the public self image every adult portrays, this must be attended to in interaction.
There is Positive and negative face:
- POSITIVE FACE - the desire to be appreciated and liked
- NEGATIVE FACE - the desire to have freedom and to not be imposed upon
A Face Threatening Act (FTA) is an act which deliberately threatens the face of others.
Politeness is being contextually appropriate, following cultural and social norms and being socially positive by addressing face needs.
In order to save face from FTAs, people can use politeness superstrategies:
- Bold on record - not attempting to minimise the face threat
- Positive politeness - showing you value someone so minimising the threat to the positive face
- Negative politeness - not impeding on someone, minimising the threat to the negative face
- Off record - avoiding responsibility for the FTA often by being indirect
- Withhold - not performing the FTA
Politeness superstrategies are determined by contextual factors
- Power relations between speaker and listener
- Social distance between speaker and listener
- How great the threat of the FTA is
Peoples aim in conversation is to be cooperative so the worse the FTA is percieved, the higher the number of strategies we use is.
Impoliteness is engaging in aggressive facework in particular contexts to cause social disruption by the speaker intentionally attacking face, the listener perceiving a face attack or both.
In order to save face from FTAs, people can use impoliteness superstrategies:
- Bold on record - unmitigated intentional face attack
- Positive impoliteness - attacking the positive face need by not showing you value someone e.g criticism, insults, dissagreements
- Negative impoliteness - attacking the negative face need by imposing on someone e.g orders,threats, requests
- Off record - using indirect offence e.g sarcasm
- Withhold - failing to be polite when it is expected
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