Monday, 16 March 2015

Language and Power

Instrumental Power - Enforces Authority and is imposed by the laws, state, conventions and organisations. for e,g "SHUT UP NOW!" 
Influential Power - Persuasive and Inclines or makes us want to behave in a certain way. for e.g. "Please do not touch the wet paint." 
groups and power: 
  • Political - Power in the Law e.g. Police, Judge, Barrister 
  • Personal - Occupation / Power within a Job e.g. Doctor, Teacher and so on.
  • Social Group - Friends and Family, Class in society.  


Sunday, 1 March 2015

What is the relationship between a speaker and audience?

To form a personal, friendly relationship which are often desired in persuasive speeches there will be a sense of unity between the speaker and the audience, created by the speaker using personal pronouns such as "we" and "us." This creates a bond so the audience feel involved within the speech and therefore are more interested.

Certain respect is also needed between the audience and the speaker, because the audience has to have respect for the speaker in order to listen to their speech without interrupting them or not listening. This is created by using power such as influential power to exert influence and persuasion or influential power to enforce their authority.

The speaker often shows power over the audience from the agenda setting; the speaker has control as the audience listens. The speaker may use prosidic features such as raising their voice or pausing for effect to enhance their point or to enforce their power.

There may be politeness between the speaker and audience to commit to the social rules to save 'face' and come across as respectful in order to form a friendly supportive bond between themselves and their audience especially, for example, if they are running for prime minister. However it has been seen where a speaker uses impoliteness towards their audience. This is shown in the speech "why America isn't the greatest." Impoliteness is used in order to have power over the audience and to enforce their point. This allows the member of the audience to comply and to adopt the speakers point of view. This, overall, in certain circumstances can cause the speech to be more successful.


Language and Power

PERSUASIVE FEATURES:
  • Alliteration
    Facts
    Opinions
    Rhetorical questions
    Emotive language
    Statistics
    Tripling
  • Factual support
  • Personal pronouns - "I" "we" "us" (Unity and bonding with the audience)
  • Emotive language
  • Repetition
  • Modal verbs
  • Facts
  • Specialist vocabulary

Language And Power

Anaphora: Repetition of the same word or words at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences


Epistrophe: Repetition of the same word or words at the end of successive clauses or sentences


Analogy: "Life is like a box of chocolates, you never know what you're gonna get"


Modal verbs: An auxiliary verb that expresses necessity or possibility
  • You MUST
  • You MAY 
  • We CAN
  • It is important that we MUST
Modal verbs such as "will" and "must" show determination and conviction


Epistemic modality: When a modal verb is used to express the speakers opinion about a statement for example "it might be true"


Deontic modality: When a modal verb is used to affect a situation for example giving permission - "you can go when you are finished"


PARALLELISM:

1. Synonymous Parallelism 

  • Sometimes the second half echoes or develops the first half
  • Are similar to show that the ideas are equal in importance
  • Adds balance, rhythm and clarity to the sentence
2. Antithesis
  • Establishes a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or juxtaposing them
  • The contrast of two terms or ideas, useful for making distinctions or clarifying differences which may otherwise be overlooked